Fig. 4. Decomposition results for 50 independent simulations of cfDNA mixtures with missing cell types in the reference.

We simulate cfDNA for 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 people, and exclude one cell type truly in the mixture at 20% (light blue) (a) or two cell types (b), one in the mixture at a mean proportion of 20% (light blue), and the other at 10% (dark blue). We calculate the MSE between the true unknown proportion and the CelFiE estimate for 50 simulation experiments. The 95% confidence interval is indicated by the light and dark blue shading.