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. 2021 May 11;4:559. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02087-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Empirical evidence of PAC manifestations in neurophysiological cortical traces. Time-frequency decompositions (top) of neurophysiological traces and their event-related average (bottom) time-locked to the troughs of slow-frequency fP (10 Hz) cycles, for each ROI in a representative participant. LAC, RAC: Left/right auditory cortex; LVC/RVC: Right auditory cortex. b Statistical significance of measured PAC effects. Group average (n = 16) histograms of z-transformed PAC measures of task data across trials, relative to surrogates. Dark-shaded areas emphasize positive task PAC z-scores (where PAC was stronger than in surrogates) with their prevalence across trials in each region indicated as percentages. The dashed red lines indicate the mean task PAC z-score in each region, averaged across trials and participants.