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. 2021 May 11;11:9992. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89335-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Group differences of 3-hydroxy kynurenine (3-OHK). Compared to healthy controls (HC), patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) but not schizophrenia (SZ) display a reduction in 3-OHK. ^aWithout correcting for covariates, ^bAfter correction for the covariates age, sex, BMI, smoking and medication (chlorpromazine equivalents, imipramine equivalents, lorazepam medication). The level of significance was set at p < 0.05 (significant p-values are indicated in bold).