Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical data.
| HC (n = 19) | SZ (n = 45) | MDD (n = 43) | Statistics | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test statistics | Post-hoc | |||||
| Age (years) | 32.53 ± 9.45 | 34.00 ± 10.47 | 35.79 ± 10.88 | KWS = 1.37 | p = 0.5032 | |
| Sex (male/female) | 9/10 | 31/14 | 17/26 | X2 = 7.94 | p = 0.0193 |
p = 0.312a p = 1.000b p = 0.018c |
| Smoking (no/yes) | 13/6 | 16/29 | 29/14 | X2 = 10.887 | p = 0.0043 |
p = 0.048a p = 1.000b p = 0.009c |
| Education (years)d | 14.39 ± 2.23 | 12.26 ± 3.88 | 14.57 ± 3.17 | KWS = 15.25 | p < 0.0012 |
p = 0.013a p > 0.999b p = 0.001c |
| Body mass index | 23.40 ± 4.32 | 26.40 ± 4.66 | 22.88 ± 4.30 | KWS = 15.44 | p < 0.0012 |
p = 0.025a p > 0.999b p < 0.001c |
| Number of psychotic episodes | 0 | 5.31 ± 5.14 | 0 | KWS = 93.33 | p < 0.0012 |
p < 0.001a p > 0.999b p < 0.001c |
| Number of depressive episodes | 0 | 0.09 ± 0.29 | 3.60 ± 3.19 | KWS = 86.75 | p < 0.0012 |
p > 0.999a p < 0.001b p < 0.001c |
| Age at illness onset (years) | – | 23.91 ± 6.88 | 28.77 ± 10.89 | U = 722 | p = 0.0414 | |
| Illness duration (months) | – | 121.07 ± 101.28 | 84.26 ± 95.46 | U = 736 | p = 0.0544 | |
| Antipsychotic medication (yes/no) | – | 44/1 | 2/41 | X2 = 76.44 | p < 0.0013 | |
| Chlorpromazine equivalents (mg/day) | – | 514.67 ± 444.82 | 2.34 ± 11.31 | U = 23.5 | p < 0.0014 | |
| Antidepressant medication (yes/no) | – | 6/39 | 33/10 | X2 = 10.89 | p < 0.0013 | |
| Imipramine equivalents | – | 21.43 ± 60.86 | 106.10 ± 93.57 | U = 376.5 | p < 0.0014 | |
| Lorazepam (yes/no) | – | 3/42 | 3/40 | X2 = 0.003 | p = 0.9543 | |
| CDSS (total) | – | 3.00 ± 3.65 | 12.33 ± 4.95 | U = 118.5 | p < 0.0014 | |
| BDI (total) | – | 14.16 ± 9.84 | 26.07 ± 12.54 | U = 433 | p < 0.0014 | |
| PANSS positive factor | – | 5.96 ± 2.70 | 4.37 ± 1.07 | U = 574 | p < 0.0014 | |
| Motivation and pleasure dimension (BNSS) | 0.74 ± 1.10 | 18.40 ± 9.46 | 20.58 ± 7.19 | KWS = 44.97 | p < 0.0012 |
p < 0.001a p < 0.001b p > 0.999c |
| Cognitive dimension (BNA) | 0.00 ± 0.68 | − 0.88 ± 0.70 | − 0.12 ± 0.85 | F(2, 100) = 13.83 | p < 0.0011 |
p < 0.001a p = 0.848b p < 0.001c |
| Global functioning (PSP total) | 97.05 ± 4.70 | 51.78 ± 14.42 | 57.26 ± 16.77 | KWS = 47.67 | p < 0.0012 |
p < 0.001a p < 0.001b p = 0.580c |
Statistics: 1One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), 2Kruskal-Wallis test, 3Chi-square test, 4Mann-Whitney U test. Post-hoc. Tukey’s test for post-hoc comparisons of ANOVAs and Dunn’s test for post-hoc comparison of Kruskal–Wallis test: aHC vs. SZ, bHC vs. MDD, cSZ vs. MDD. BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BNA Brief Neurocognitive Assessment, BNSS Brief Negative Symptom Scale, CDSS Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, HC Healthy controls, MDD Major depressive disorder, PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, PSP Personal and Social Performance Scale, SZ Schizophrenia. Data is presented as mean ± standard deviation. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05 (significant p-values are indicated in bold). dCompulsory education in Switzerland is 9 years.