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. 2021 May 11;11:10019. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89337-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Three-dimensional (3D) optical diffraction tomography (ODT) of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. (a) Synthetic MSU crystals were recorded as RI ≥ 1.385. See also Supplementary Movie S1. (b) A monocytic THP-1 cell. (c) A macrophage derived from a THP-1 cell after treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 72 h. The color bar indicates the 3D rendered refractive index (RI) distribution (n = 1.340–1.440). Each square shows the x–y, y–z, or x–z plane. n: refractive index. (d) Time-lapse monitoring of macrophage THP-1 cells after treatment with 10 µg/mL monosodium urate (MSU) crystals for 2 h. The MSU crystals, with RI ≥ 1.385, are indicated in purple. See also Supplementary Movie S2. (e) IL-1β production of THP1 cells assessed via ELISA at 3 h after treatment with MSU crystals. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ns: not significant.