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. 2021 May 11;11:10019. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89337-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Birefringence properties of patient monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and polarization-sensitive RI contrast tomogram. (a) A three-dimensional (3D) holotomographic image of synthetic MSU crystals under a polarized light source with a 0° angle. (b) Polarization contrast image of MSU crystals under a polarizing filter used during optical diffraction tomography (ODT) with a 90° angle. (c) 3D holotomographic image of synovial mononuclear cells. Intracellular MSU crystal is distinguished by its relatively higher RI value, as shown in previous figures. (d) Polarization contrast image of MSU crystal-containing synovial mononuclear cells, obtained under a polarizing filter in ODT with a 90° angle. In this image, all structures without birefringence disappeared, and the remaining MSU crystal was shown in red color. n: refractive index, ∆n: change of refractive index under the two different polarizing filter angles.