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. 2021 May 11;12:2634. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22895-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, b Calculated piezoelectric strain constants for Pro-Phe-Phe (a) and Hyp-Phe-Phe (b). Selected values are marked above relevant columns. c, d Zoom-in on the electronic structure of the Hyp-Phe-Phe crystal. The π-density of the diphenylalanine motif remains identical across both crystals (c) and d shows the hydroxylated pyrrolidine structure of the Hyp residue in the Hyp-Phe-Phe crystal. e Comparison of piezoelectric strain response of different biological and non-biological materials: collagen piezoelectric response at different length scales^{10, 25, 53} has been emphasized as compared to that of Pro-Phe-Phe and Hyp-Phe-Phe. f The predicted voltage coefficient of Pro-Phe-Phe and Hyp-Phe-Phe in comparison with some currently used inorganic materials. g Calculated output voltage upon applied force of 4 µN. h–j Experimental measurement of coefficients using PFM. h Linear relationship between the vertical piezoresponse of Hyp-Phe-Phe as measured by the photodiode system and applied voltage. Statistical distribution of the vertical d₃₃ coefficients (i) and shear d₃₄ coefficients (j). Additional PFM data are given in Supplementary Figs. 5–16.