TABLE 7.

The effects and potential mechanisms of metformin on PCOS and breast cancer.

Diseases	Mechanisms	References
PCOS	Decreasing Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia	Morley et al. (2017)
	Inhibiting the Production of Steroid Hormones by Ovarian Cells	Mansfield et al. (2003); Tosca et al. (2007); Faure et al. (2018)
	Stimulating AMPK and the Triggering of AMPK-Dependent Pathways in Ovarian Cells	Attia, Rainey and Carr. (2001); Tosca et al. (2005), (2007); Faure et al. (2018)
Breast cancer	Activating AMPK-Independent Pathways and then Inhibiting IGF-1/IGF-1R, PI3K-, and MAPK-Signaling Pathways	Heckman-Stoddard et al. (2016)
	Activating AMPK-Dependent Pathways; Regulated by Metformin Suppression Inhibition of Mitochondrial Complex-I	Shaw et al. (2005b); Madiraju et al. (2014b); Sekino et al. (2018); Mishra and Dingli, (2019)
	Others: Acting on the Tumor Microenvironment and Acting on Endothelial Cells.	Wang et al. (2015); Kurelac et al. (2020)