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. 2021 Apr 28;12:663450. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.663450

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Copyright © 2021 Martinez, Beasley, Miller, Goldberg and Jefferies.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Distinct phenotypes of non-compaction cardiomyopathy. (A) Echocardiographic 4-chamber view displays the isolated type of LVNC illustrated by the cardinal feature of left ventricular trabeculations (arrow) with normal anatomy and function; (B) from a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRi), a 4-chamber view displays the dilated sun-type of LVNC, denoting the enlargement of the LV and the presence of inferolateral trabeculations (arrow); (C) echocardiographic 4-chamber view shows the hypertrophic type of LVNC represented by asymmetric hypertrophy of the interventricular septum and the presence of lateral LV trabeculations (arrow); (D) display of the restrictive type of LVNC, significant bilateral atrial enlargement (arrows) and the presence of left ventricular trabeculations; (E) biventricular hypertrabeculations (arrows); (F) cMRI in a short axis view displays a mixed LVNC phenotype represented by dilated and dysfunctional ventricles in a patient with ventricular arrhythmias and biventricular trabeculations secondary to a pathogenic variant in the PRDM16 gene (arrows).