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. 2021 Apr 28;12:671164. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671164

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Copyright © 2021 Qiu, Zhou, Zhang, Dong and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Role of exosomes derived from MSC in sepsis (A) MSC-derived exosomes increase M2 and decrease M1 phenotype of macrophages through metabolism reprogramming and multiple miRNAs-mediated signaling pathways (B) MSC-derived exosomes induce M2-like phenotype in monocytes via activating COX2-PGE2^① and inhibiting TLR/NF-KB^② signaling pathways, which in turn induce the expansion of Treg. MSCs-derived exosomes induce DCs into a tolerogenic population and modulate the differentiation spectrum of T cell subsets.