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. 2021 Apr 28;12:671164. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671164

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Copyright © 2021 Qiu, Zhou, Zhang, Dong and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Role of macrophage-derived exosomes in sepsis (A) macrophage-derived exosomes can induce pro-inflammatory response in recipient macrophage and PMN, promote inflammatory cell adhesion to endothelium, and suppress migration of epithelial cells (B) macrophage-derived exosomes containing DAMPs and PAMPs promote recipient macrophage activation, maturation, phagocytosis, and M1 polarization, while suppress the ability of antigen presentation. (C) Exosomal enzymes and miRNA increase NETs formation, chemotaxis, pro-inflammatory response, and pyroptosis of PMN.