Table 1.

Characteristics of farmers.

Variable	Variable	Mean	Std. Dev.
Sex	Sex of the household head [1 if female, 0 = male]	0.624	0.485
Age	Age of the household head	42.010	17.199
No education	1 if the household head did not have any formal education, 0 otherwise	0.152	0.359
Primary	1 if the household head have primary education, 0 otherwise	0.414	0.493
Secondary	1 if the household head have secondary education, 0 otherwise	0.313	0.464
m_stat	1 if the respondent is married, 0 otherwise	0.727	0.445
ln_income	Log of the household income	7.599	2.327
North	1 if the respondent is from the northern region of Nigeria, 0 otherwise	0.553	0.497
Improved	1 if the household use improved waste disposal, 0 otherwise	0.021	0.145
m_phone	1 if the respondent is owns a mobile phone, 0 otherwise	0.852	0.355
mosquito_net	1 if the household use treated mosquito bed net, 0 otherwise	0.365	0.482
electricity	1 if the household have access electricity, 0 otherwise	0.413	0.493
Food items	1 if the household experienced shock in terms of fall in price of major food items, 0 otherwise	0.149	0.356
loss	1 if the household experienced shock in terms of loss of property/theft, 0 otherwise	0.142	0.349
priceinput	1 if the household experienced shock in terms of increase in price of inputs, 0 otherwise	0.051	0.220
job	1 if the household experienced shock in terms of job loss for the “breadwinner”, 0 otherwise	0.007	0.086
priceoutput	1 if the household experienced shock in terms of fall in price of outputs, 0 otherwise	0.012	0.107
ln_health_~p	Log of total household expenditure	1.894	3.052
Health	1 if the household decided to spend on health, 0 otherwise	0.830	0.375