Figure 1.

Clinical features of the patients with PIK3CD mutations. Patient 1 (A–C): CT scan reveals pulmonary nodules with cavity formation, and patchy infiltration (A, right lung), and maxillary sinusitis (B); Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining of renal biopsy showed no proliferation of capillary endothelial cells and mesangial cells in the glomeruli, no thickening of the basement membrane, and no glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis (C). Patient 2 (D–I): CT scan reveals pulmonary nodules with cavity formation, and patchy infiltration (D), and maxillary sinusitis (E); HE stains for renal biopsy showed minimal change, mild mesangial cell hyperplasia in glomerulus (F), similar to patient 1; Bronchoscopy shows mucosal nodule lymphoid hyperplasia from pharynx to the entire airway (G–I).