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. 2021 May 11;18:112. doi: 10.1186/s12974-021-02133-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — DPP4 participates in DAM phenotypic transformation in epileptic mice. a–c Gene expression in hippocampus from mice treated with kainic acid or kainic acid + sitagliptin (n = 6–7 per group). Selected markers: DAM: Itgax and Axl; homeostatic: Cx3cr1. d–f Representative western blotting images and statistical analysis of DPP4 and ITGAX in the hippocampus (n = 4). β-Actin was used as a loading control. g Representative overlay images of IBA1/ITGAX/DAPI staining in the hippocampus (IBA1, red; ITGAX, green; DAPI, blue). Scale bar = 25 μm. h The statistical analysis of ITGAX in IBA1⁺ microglia is shown on the left side. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001