Table 1.

Operationalization of items of precarious employment with the use of register data. [SNI=Swedish Standard Industrial Classification.]

Dimension	Theme	Item specification	Operationalization
Employment Insecurity	Contractual relationship insecurity	(1) Directly employed by the employer (2) Employed by an agency (3) Combination of self-and direct employment (4) Self-employed (5) Solo self-employed	(1) Employed directly by employer, while not being identified by (2), (3), (4) or (5) (2) Employed directly by employer and employers’ workplace activity is “Temporary employment agency activities” (SNI-code = 78.2) (3) Employed directly by employer and self-employed (4) Self-employed or self-employed in corporation, where number of employees is >1 (5) Self-employed or self-employed in corporation, where number of employees is =1
	Contractual temporariness	(1) Stable employment (2) Unstable employment	(1) Having the same employer for 3 years a (2) Having the same employer for <3 years
	Underemployment Multiple jobs/ economic sectors	Full-time vs. part-time employment (1) Having one job (employer) during the current year (2) Having multiple jobs (3) Having multiple jobs in multiple sectors	No suitable operationalization identified (1) 1 job (2) ≥2 jobs b (3) ≥2 jobs in >1 economic sector c
Income Inadequacy	Income level	Income level (before taxes) in relation to the median of the population	(1) ≥200% of the median d (2) 120–199% of the median e (3) 80–119% of the median f (4) 60–79% of the median g (5) <60% of the median h
Lack of rights and protection	Lack of unionization	Likelihood of being covered by collective bargaining agreement in the company of employment	(1) >90% (2) 71–90% (3) ≤70%
	Lack of social protection Lack of regulatory support Lack of workplace rights	Social protection/ benefits/ household income Labour policies/standards Workplace rights	No suitable operationalization identified No suitable operationalization identified No suitable operationalization identified

^aOperationalized by assessing reference employer for year 2012 and 2013, in addition to 2014.

^bOperationalized by adding up the number of unique employers during the year, ie, the reference employer, primary, secondary and tertiary employer.

^cAgriculture, commerce and hospitality, construction, education, financial services, health, industry, other services, public administration, transport.

^d>650 800 Swedish krona.

^e390 480–650 800 Swedish krona.

^f260 320–390 480 Swedish krona.

^g195 240–260 320 Swedish krona.

^h100–195 240 Swedish krona.