Table 1.

Summary of the clinical studies of stem cell therapy against COVID-19

Number of patients	Symptoms	Doses	Duration of patient observation	Outcomes	References
18	Moderate and severe pulmonary disease	3 × 107 cells per infusion	06 days	Intravenous hUCMSC infusion declined interleukin (IL)-6 levels and found to be safe. Adverse effects like high fever were noticed.	[148]
01	Lung inflammation, fatigue, fever, cough	Three times hUCMSC (5 ×  107 cells each time)	04 days	Remission of the lung inflammation symptom. The studies show the safety of cell doses	[101, 142]
01	Severe shortness of breath, cough, chest tightness, and fever	1 × 106 hWJCs cells per kilogram of weight	07 days	Effective against COVID-19 pneumonia	[84]
10	Respiratory distress, fever	1 × 106 MSCs per kilogram of body weight	14 days	Reduction in peripheral lymphocytes, cytokine-secreting immune cells CXCR3 + CD4+ T cells, CXCR3 + CD8+ T cells, CXCR3 + NK cells disappeared in 3–6 days.	[50]
12	Fever, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and fatigue	2 × 106 cells/kg	28 days	Intravenous infusion of hUCMSC reduced the lung inflammation, as well as interleukin (IL)-6 levels, ascertained as an effective option to cure severe COVID-19	[153]
13	COVID-associated pneumonia	0.98 × 106 AT-MSC/kg	16 days	Decrease in inflammatory parameters (reduction in C-reactive protein, IL-6, ferritin, LDH, and d-dimer), as well as an increase in lymphocytes	[154]
02	Fever and dyspnea	1 × 106 MSCs per kilogram of body weight	14 days	Lymphocytes increased, the inflammation mediators declined, symptom of dyspnea improved	[155]
24	Classic ARDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	15 ml ExoFlo™ (derived from MSCs) + 100 ml normal saline	14 days	Increased lymphocyte and neutrophil count, reduction was noted in C-reactive protein, IL-6, and ferritin	[156]