Table 1.
Biofluid/tissue proteomic studies in MS.
| Studies | Biofluid/tissue | Method | Main results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early MS markers | CSF | 2D-LC-MS/MS | CSF proteins in first-attack patients were differentially enriched for gray matter components | Schutzer et al34 |
| Diagnostic autoantibody peptide markers | CSF | Label-free LC-MS/MS | Five complementarity-determining regions specific to MS | Singh et al35 |
| MS clinical courses | CSF | MALDI-TOF | Secretogranin II, Protein 7B2 upregulated in RRMS | Liguori et al36 |
| Diagnosis, prognosis, and disease course | CSF | iTRAQ, SRM | Secretogranin-1 to be increased in early-MS patients compared to RRMS and neurological controls | Kroksveen et al86 |
| Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers MS | CSF | TMT-LC-MS/MS, ELISA | CHI3L1, CHI3L2 | Hinsinger et al89 |
| Prognostic MS markers | CSF | Label-free LC-MS/MS | Increased abundance of CNS gray matter-related proteins | Singh et al37 |
| Predicting clinical relapse of MS | Serum | MALDI-TOF, immunoblotting, and real-time PCR | Autophagy-related gene16L2 | Yin et al38 |
| Biomarkers of disease progression | Serum | iTRAQ-MALDI-TOF/TOF | A panel of 11 proteins has been identified. These proteins related to inflammation, opsonization, and complement activation | Tremlett et al39 |
| Diagnostic and prognostic markers | Serum | 2D-MALDI TOF, Redox proteomics | DBP, Apo A4 levels raised with the disease progression | Wallin et al40 |
| Marker for characterization of a patient with MS | Plasma | Protein microarrays, immunofluorescence | ANO2 (Anoctamin 2) | Beyoglu et al41 |
| Protein biomarkers of brain atrophy in SPMS | Serum | SELDI-TOF, ELISA | Serum-free hemoglobin | Lewin et al42 |
| Biomarker for SPMS | Serum | 2D-LC-MS/MS, Western blot | Galectin-3 | Nishihara et al43 |
| Pregnancy-related MS markers | Urine | Label-free LC-MS/MS | Pregnancy-related peptides were significantly elevated in MS compared with controls. | Singh et al99 |
| Biomarkers distinguishing SPMS from RRMS | Urine | Immunoassays and ELISA | Galectin-9, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), soluble CD40L (sCD40L) and platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA) | Herman et al44 |
| Neuroprotection | Brain | LC-MS/MS, neuronal cultures, IHC | Hemoglobin β subunit (Hbb) interacting proteins | Brown et al45 |
| Remyelination promoting proteins | Brain | SDS-PAGE nLC-MS/MS LCM, in vitro/in vivo research | EphrinB3 | Syed et al105 |
| Pathogenesis | Brain | SDS-PAGE nLC-MS/MS peptide microarrays, NGS | Mutated forms of proteolipid protein 1, mutant-specific immune response | Qendro et al46 |
| Pathogenesis and remyelination markers | Brain | H&E, MALDI-IMS, LC-MS/MS, IHC | Thymosin β-4 in remyelinated lesions | Maccarrone et al47 |
| Early MS markers | Salvia | HPLC-ESI-MS, top-down proteomics | The lower level of mono- and di-oxidized cystatin SN, mono- and di-oxidized cystatin S1, monooxidized cystatin SA and mono-phosphorylated statherin. And upper levels of antileukoproteinase, 2 proteoforms of Prolactin-Inducible Protein, P-C peptide (Fr. 1-14, Fr. 26-44, and Fr. 36-44), Statherin SV1, Cystatin SN (P→L), Cystatin A (T96→M) in MS patients | Manconi et al97 |
| Diagnosis of MS | Tear | Iso-electrophoresis (IEF), | oligoclonal bands of IgG | Hagan et al48 |
| Discovery of new biomarkers | Tear | MS/MS, western blot (WB) | α-1-antichymotrypsin | Salvisberg et al102 |