Table 2.

Biofluid/tissue metabolomics studies in MS.

Metabolite	Biofluid/tissue	Method	Trend in MS	Disease’s stage	Ref
Citrate	CSF, serum, urine	NMR	Down	Relapse	Sinclair et al,120 Gebregiworgis et al119 and Reinke et al108
2-Hydroxyisovalerate	CSF	NMR	Down	Relapse	Reinke et al108
3-Hydroxybutyrate	CSF, Serum	NMR	Down	Relapse	Sinclair et al120 and Reinke et al108
Phenylalanine	CSF	NMR	Down	Relapse	Zhao et al110
	Urine	NMR	Up	Relapse	Gebregiworgis et al119
Mannose	CSF	NMR	Down	Relapse	Del Boccio et al110 and Reinke et al108
Oxaloacetate	CSF	NMR	Down	Relapse	Reinke et al108
Choline	CSF	NMR	Up	Relapse	Skripuletz et al121
Myo-inositol	CSF	NMR	Up	Relapse	Reinke et al108
Threonate	CSF	NMR	Up	Relapse	Reinke et al108
Lactate	CSF, serum, urine	NMR	Up	Relapse	Singh et al122
	CSF, urine	NMR	Down	Relapse	Kim et al108
Lysophosphatidylcholine	Serum	LC-MS and MS/MS	Down	Relapse	Stoessel et al123
Arginine	CSF	LC-MS and GC-MS	Down	Onset	Noga et al112
Alanine	CSF	LC-MS and GC-MS	Down	Onset	Noga et al112
Branched-chain amino acid	CSF	MALDI-TOF-MS, LC-MS/MS	Up	Relapse	Singh et al122
Glutamine	CSF	MALDI-TOF-MS, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS	Up	Relapse	Hassan-Smith et al117
O-phosphoethanolamine	CSF	LC-MS and GC-MS	Up	Relapse	Noga et al112
Putrescine	CSF	LC-MS and GC-MS	Up	Relapse	Noga et al112
Fructose	CSF, serum, urine	NMR	Up	CIS	Hassan-Smith et al117
Acetate	CSF, serum, urine	NMR	Down	CIS	Hassan-Smith et al117
	Serum	NMR	Up	CIS	Sinclair et al120
Creatinine	CSF, serum	NMR	Up	CIS	Hassan-Smith et al117
	Urine	NMR	Down	Relapse	Gebregiworgis et al119
β-Glucose	CSF, serum, urine	NMR	Up	CIS	Sinclair et al120 and Singh et al122
Nitric oxide	CSF, urine	Clinical and MRI measurements	Up	Relapse	Del Boccio et al110
Phosphatidylcholines	CSF	MALDI-TOF-MS, LC-MS/MS	Down	Relapse	Del Boccio et al113
Aminoacids and acylcarnitines	Tear	LC-MS/MS	Down	Relapse	Cicalini et al124