Table 1.
Sample size and weighted characteristics of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2012 adult participants
| Characteristics | All | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | 3316 | 1706 (50.6%; 0.94) | 1610 (49.4%; 0.94) |
| Age (years), GM (SE) | 41.10 (0.85) | 40.87 (0.86) | 41.34 (0.90) |
| BMI (kg/m2), GM (SE) | 28.23 (0.20) | 28.07 (0.24) | 28.39 (0.21) |
| Waist circumference (cm), GM (SE) | 97.61 (0.60) | 99.73 (0.75) | 95.45 (0.59) |
| Ratio of family income-to-poverty | 2.32 (0.13) | 2.34 (0.14) | 2.30 (0.12) |
| No depression, PHQ-9 ⩽9 | 92.0 (0.88) | 94.2 (0.92) | 89.8 (1.19) |
| Depression, PHQ-9 ⩾10% (SE) | 8.0 (0.88) | 5.8 (0.92) | 10.2 (1.19) |
| Moderate and moderate severe depression, PHQ-9 = 10–19 | 7.1 (0.81) | 4.9 (0.90) | 9.3 (1.13) |
| Severe depression, PHQ-9 ⩽20 | 0.9 (0.17) | 0.9 (0.28) | 0.9 (0.27) |
| HFHL ⩽25 dB | 69.2 (1.70) | 57.8 (3.00) | 80.8 (1.22) |
| HFHL ⩾26–40 dB, % (SE) | 14.7 (0.95) | 16.7 (1.78) | 12.6 (0.95) |
| HFHL ⩾41 dB, % (SE) | 16.1 (1.23) | 25.5 (2.14) | 6.6 (0.80) |
| SFHL ⩽25 dB | 85.7 (1.28) | 80.6 (2.10) | 90.9(1.14) |
| SFHL ⩾26–40 dB, % (SE) | 10.4 (0.99) | 14.3 (1.87) | 6.3 (0.84) |
| SFHL ⩾41 dB, % (SE) | 3.9 (0.55) | 5.1 (0.79) | 2.7 (0.54) |
| Poverty income ratio ⩽1 | 16.8 (1.84) | 16.4 (1.99) | 17.2 (1.83) |
| Poverty income ratio >1 | 83.2 (1.84) | 83.6 (1.99) | 82.8 (1.83) |
| Diabetes, Yes, % (SE) | 9.0 (0.78) | 9.4 (1.23) | 8.5 (0.81) |
| Cardio, Yes, % (SE) | 5.1 (0.27) | 5.6 (0.52) | 4.5 (0.41) |
| Cardiovascular disease or cancer, Yes, % (SE) | 11.4 (0.61) | 10.7 (1.00) | 12.0 (1.20) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married or living with partner | 61.1 (2.38) | 62.0 (2.74) | 60.2 (2.44) |
| Single, divorced, or widow | 38.9 (2.38) | 38.0 (2.74) | 39.8 (2.44) |
| Body weight status | |||
| BMI <25 | 30.2 (1.87) | 28.5 (1.77) | 31.9 (2.17) |
| BMI ⩾25 | 69.8 (1.87) | 71.5 (1.77) | 68.1 (2.17) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current smoker, % (SE) | 21.3 (1.30) | 25.3 (2.07) | 17.3 (1.40) |
| Former smoker, % (SE) | 22.4 (1.54) | 24.1 (1.64) | 20.7 (2.36) |
| Never smoked, % (SE) | 56.2 (1.46) | 50.7 (1.90) | 62.0 (2.08) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| No alcohol, % (SE) | 16.5 (1.01) | 9.1 (0.83) | 24.0 (1.72) |
| 1–5 Drinks per week, % (SE) | 74.0 (1.33) | 75.6 (2.10) | 72.4 (1.52) |
| >5 Drinks per week, % (SE) | 9.5 (1.22) | 15.3 (1.81) | 3.5 (0.69) |
| Education level | |||
| Less than high school, % (SE) | 13.0 (1.78) | 14.4 (1.87) | 11.4 (1.78) |
| Completed high school, % (SE) | 19.3 (1.61) | 22.0 (2.26) | 16.6 (1.56) |
| More than high school, % (SE) | 67.7 (3.02) | 63.5 (3.43) | 72.0 (2.95) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white, % (SE) | 68.2 (3.85) | 68.4 (3.94) | 68.0 (3.87) |
| Non-Hispanic black, % (SE) | 11.0 (2.21) | 9.7 (2.08) | 12.4 (2.40) |
| Hispanic, % (SE) | 13.5 (2.45) | 14.3 (2.68) | 12.6 (2.29) |
| Other, % (SE) | 7.3 (1.11) | 7.5 (1.14) | 7.0 (1.20) |
| Vision impairment, No, % (SE) | 86.2 (1.13) | 87.3 (1.43) | 85.0 (1.33) |
| Vision impairment, Yes, % (SE) | 13.8 (1.13) | 12.7 (1.43) | 15.0 (1.33) |
GM, geometric mean; BMI, body mass index; SE, standard estimate; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; HFHL, high-frequency hearing loss; SFHL, speech frequency hearing loss.