Table 3.
Adjusteda beta coefficient (95% CI) for serum uric acid and adjusteda Odds Ratio (95% CI) for hyperuricemia and self-reported gout by single PFAA quartiles for adult participants (20 years of age and older) in NHANES 2009–2014.
| Serum Uric Acid β (95% CI) | Hyperuricemia OR (95% CI) | Gout OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PFOA Q1 | 0 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) |
| PFOA Q2 | 0.17 (0.06, 0.29) | 1.05 (0.77, 1.44) | 1.75 (0.90, 3.31) |
| PFOA Q3 | 0.24 (0.11, 0.37) | 1.21 (0.87, 1.69) | 2.34 (1.32, 4.15) |
| PFOA Q4 | 0.42 (0.26, 0.57) | 1.81 (1.29, 2.55) | 3.17 (1.68, 5.98) |
| p-trend | 0.0001 | 0.004 | 0.01 |
| PFNA Q1 | 0 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) |
| PFNA Q2 | 0.06 (−0.05, 0.17) | 1.14 (0.83, 1.57) | 0.76 (0.37, 1.55) |
| PFNA Q3 | 0.22 (0.11, 0.32) | 1.55 (1.20, 2.01) | 1.97 (1.02, 3.78) |
| PFNA Q4 | 0.29 (0.15, 0.42) | 1.65 (1.23, 2.22) | 1.29 (0.60, 2.75) |
| p-trend | 0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| PFDA Q1 | 0 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) |
| PFDA Q2 | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.14) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.36) | 1.22 (0.75, 1.98) |
| PFDA Q3 | −0.00 (−0.12, 0.12) | 0.90 (0.64, 1.27) | 1.32 (0.70, 2.47) |
| PFDA Q4 | 0.13 (0.01, 0.25) | 1.26 (0.96, 1.67) | 1.42 (0.87, 2.32) |
| p-trend | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.52 |
| PFOS Q1 | 0 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) |
| PFOS Q2 | 0.13 (0.01, 0.24) | 1.10 (0.84, 1.45) | 1.17 (0.54, 2.53) |
| PFOS Q3 | 0.21 (0.05.0.37) | 1.27 (0.92, 1.76) | 1.23 (0.56, 2.71) |
| PFOS Q4 | 0.29 (0.14, 0.44) | 1.45 (1.03, 2.03) | 1.46 (0.67, 3.16) |
| p-trend | 0.003 | 0.15 | 0.79 |
| PFHxS Q1 | 0 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) |
| PFHxS Q2 | 0.14 (0.02, 0.26) | 1.15 (0.89, 1.50) | 2.35 (1.20, 4.60) |
| PFHxS Q3 | 0.22 (0.08.0.36) | 1.33 (0.95, 1.86) | 2.24 (1.15, 4.36) |
| PFHxS Q4 | 0.33 (0.19, 0.47) | 1.51 (1.12, 2.03) | 2.76 (1.36, 5.62) |
| p-trend | 0.004 | 0.06 | 0.03 |
Quartiles PFOA (ng/mL): Q1: ≤1.60; Q2: 1.61–2.47; Q3: 2.48–3.66; Q4: >3.66. Quartiles PFNA (ng/mL): Q1: ≤0.60; Q2: 0.61–0.90; Q3: 0.91–1.39; Q4: >1.39.. Quartiles PFDA (ng/mL): Q1: ≤0.12; Q2: 0.13–0.20; Q3: 0.21–0.35; Q4: >0.35. Quartiles PFHxS (ng/mL): Q1: ≤0.81; Q2: 0.82–1.49; Q3: 1.50–2.51; Q4: >2.51. Quartiles PFOS (ng/mL): Q1: >4.43; Q2: 4.44–7.33; Q3: 7.34–11.90; Q4: >11.90.
Adjusted for race/ethnicity, age, sex, education attainment, alcohol consumption, self-reported cigarette smoking, serum cotinine, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease; when modeling self-reported gout as the outcome, serum uric acid was also entered as a covariate.