Table 4.
Adjusteda beta coefficient (95% CI) for serum uric acid and adjusteda Odds Ratio (95% CI) for hyperuricemia and self-reported gout by single PFAA quartiles for adult participants (20 years of age and older) without chronic kidney diseaseb (in NHANES 2009–2014.
| Serum Uric Acid β (95% CI) | Hyperuricemia OR (95% CI) | Gout OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PFOA Q1 | 0 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) |
| PFOA Q2 | 0.08 (−0.03, 0.20) | 0.96 (0.64, 1.44) | 2.11 (0.72, 6.23) |
| PFOA Q3 | 0.16 (0.01, 0.31) | 1.19 (0.75, 1.88) | 2.57 (1.00, 6.59) |
| PFOA Q4 | 0.31 (0.17, 0.46) | 1.65 (1.10, 2.46) | 3.88 (1.46, 10.33) |
| p-trend | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| PFNA Q1 | 0 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) |
| PFNA Q2 | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.15) | 1.11 (0.76, 1.62) | 1.00 (0.34, 2.97) |
| PFNA Q3 | 0.18 (0.08, 0.29) | 1.60(1.19, 2.15) | 2.75 (1.04, 7.32) |
| PFNA Q4 | 0.24 (0.11, 0.37) | 1.72 (1.23, 2.41) | 1.86 (0.66, 5.26) |
| p-trend | 0.0002 | 0.002 | 0.02 |
| PFDA Q1 | 0 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) |
| PFDA Q2 | 0.00 (−0.09, 0.10) | 0.94 (0.66, 1.34) | 1.56 (0.79, 3.09) |
| PFDA Q3 | −0.05 (−0.17, 0.07) | 0.86 (0.57, 1.25) | 1.42 (0.64, 3.14) |
| PFDA Q4 | 0.12 (0.00, 0.24) | 1.30 (0.94, 1.80) | 1.98 (1.06, 3.67) |
| p-trend | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.18 |
| PFOS Q1 | 0 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) |
| PFOS Q2 | 0.03 (−0.10, 0.15) | 0.94 (0.68, 1.30) | 1.73 (0.60, 4.94) |
| PFOS Q3 | 0.13 (−0.02, 0.28) | 1.26 (0.89, 1.79) | 1.56 (0.51, 4.78) |
| PFOS Q4 | 0.20 (0.06, 0.34) | 1.35 (0.92, 1.99) | 1.93 (0.71, 5.22) |
| p-trend | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.58 |
| PFHxS Q1 | 0 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) | 1 (Referent) |
| PFHxS Q2 | 0.07 (−0.07, 0.20) | 1.17 (0.82, 1.68) | 3.81 (1.40, 10.38) |
| PFHxS Q3 | 0.13 (0.00, 0.26) | 1.34 (0.86, 2.07) | 3.10(1.14, 8.44) |
| PFHxS Q4 | 0.22 (0.08, 0.36) | 1.40 (0.94, 2.07) | 3.90 (1.33, 11.49) |
| p-trend | 0.02 | 0.39 | 0.06 |
Quartiles PFOA (ng/mL): Q1: ≤1.60; Q2: 1.61–2.47; Q3: 2.48–3.66; Q4: >3.66. Quartiles PFNA (ng/mL): Q1: ≤0.60; Q2: 0.61–0.90; Q3: 0.91–1.39; Q4: >1.39. . Quartiles PFDA (ng/mL): Q1: ≤0.12; Q2: 0.13–0.20; Q3: 0.21–0.35; Q4: >0.35, Quartiles PFHxS (ng/mL): Q1: ≤0.81; Q2: 0.82–1.49; Q3: 1.50–2.51; Q4: >2.51. Quartiles PFOS (ng/mL): Q1: ≤4.43; Q2: 4.44–7.33; Q3: 7.34–11.90; Q4: >11.90.
Adjusted for race/ethnicity, age, sex, education attainment, alcohol consumption, self-reported cigarette smoking, serum cotinine, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, and eGRF; when modeling self-reported gout as the outcome, serum uric acid was also entered as a covariate.
Chronic kidney diseases defined as eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or albuminuria (>30. mg/g).