Table 3.
Relation between in immune reaction and disease severity in COVID 19 patients.
| Disease severity | Non-severe | Severe | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immune cell | ||||||
| WBC count | ↑NA | –10,25, 26, 27, 28, 29 | ↓23,30 | ↑23,25, 26, 27, 28 | –29,30 | ↓NA |
| Neutrophil count | ↑NA | –25, 26, 27, 28,30 | ↓23,28 | ↑23,25,26,28,30 | –29 | ↓NA |
| Lymphocyte count | ↑NA | –29 | ↓23,25, 26, 27, 28,30 | ↑NA | –29 | ↓23,25, 26, 27, 28,30 |
| CD 4+ T cell count | ↑NA | –28 | ↓25,26,30 | ↑NA | –NA | ↓25,26,30a |
| CD 8+ T cell count | ↑NA | –28 | ↓25,26,30 | ↑NA | –NA | ↓25,26a,30a |
| NK cell count | ↑NA | –25 | ↓26,30,a | ↑NA | –25 | ↓26a,30 |
| NLR | ↑26,30 | –NA | ↓NA | ↑26,30 | –NA | ↓NA |
| Regulatory T cells | ↑30 | –NA | ↓25,26 | ↑30 | –NA | ↓25,26 |
| B cell count | ↑NA | –25,26 | ↓30,a | ↑NA | –25,26 | ↓30 |
| Monocyte count | ↑NA | –26,28 | ↓NA | ↑NA | –26,28 | ↓NA |
| Basophil | ↑NA | –26 | ↓NA | ↑NA | –26 | ↓NA |
| Eosinophil | ↑NA | –27 | ↓26,28 | ↑NA | –27 | ↓26,28 |
| Cytokine | ||||||
| Pro-inflammatory Cytokine | ||||||
| IL-1β | ↑23 | –25,26,29 | ↓NA | ↑23a | –25,26,29 | ↓NA |
| IL-6 | ↑23,25,26,28,a | –30 | ↓NA | ↑23,25,26,28,29,30,a | –NA | ↓NA |
| IL-8 | ↑23 | –26,29 | ↓NA | ↑23a | –26,29 | ↓NA |
| TNF-α | ↑23,26 | –25,28, 29, 30 | ↓NA | ↑23,25,26,30 | –,28,29 | ↓NA |
| Th 1 Cytokine | ||||||
| IL-2R | ↑23,26 | –25,28, 29, 30 | ↓NA | ↑23,25,26,30 | –28,29 | ↓NA |
| IL-12 | ↑NA | –23 | ↓NA | ↑NA | –23 | ↓NA |
| IFN-γ | ↑23 | –30 | ↓NA | ↑23 | –30 | ↓NA |
| Th 2 Cytokine | ||||||
| IL-4 | ↑26,30 | –23,28 | ↓NA | ↑23a | –28,30 | ↓NA |
| IL-5 | ↑NA | –NA | ↓NA | ↑NA | –23 | ↓NA |
| IL-9 | ↑23 | –NA | ↓NA | ↑23a | –NA | ↓NA |
| Th 17 Cytokine | ||||||
| IL-17 | ↑23a | –NA | ↓NA | ↑23a | –NA | ↓NA |
| T reg Cytokine | ||||||
| IL-10 | ↑23,28,29a | –25,26,29 | ↓NA | ↑23,25,28,30 | –26,29 | ↓NA |
| Immunoglobulins | ||||||
| IgG | ↑NA | –26 | ↓NA | ↑NA | –26 | ↓NA |
| IgA | ↑NA | –26 | ↓NA | ↑NA | –26 | ↓NA |
| IgM | ↑NA | –26 | ↓NA | ↑NA | –26 | ↓NA |
| Complement | ||||||
| C3 | ↑NA | –26 | ↓NA | ↑NA | –26 | ↓NA |
| C4 | ↑NA | –26 | ↓NA | ↑NA | –26 | ↓NA |
Note: Data about COVID-19 infection are collected from original case series with reference number properly cited.
WBC: White blood cell.
NLR: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio.
Regulatory T cells (CD3+CD4+CD25 + CD127low+) T cell.
NA: no study available.
Definition of COVID-19 severe case.
1. Respiration rate ≥30 times/min; at rest, oxygen saturation ≤93%; arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ≤ 300 mmHg).
2. Patient admitted to ICU.
↑: significant increased compared with healthy people and non-severe patients.
↓: significant decreased compared with both healthy people and non-severe patients.
–: no significant difference compared with healthy people and non-severe patients.
Increased compared with healthy people, but no significant difference compared with non-severe patients.