Table 2.
Results of Multilevel Models Estimating School Random Effects of Race on Grades and Cross Level Interactions in Standard Deviation Units
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
Model 5 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | β | S.E. | β | S.E. | β | S.E. | β | S.E. | β | S.E. |
| Individual-level variables | ||||||||||
| Grade level | −0.05 | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.04 | ||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male=1 | −0.56 | 0.04 | −0.55 | 0.04 | −0.56 | 0.04 | −0.55 | 0.04 | −0.55 | 0.05 |
| No gender=1 | −0.59 | 0.09 | −0.46 | 0.08 | −0.59 | 0.09 | −0.45 | 0.08 | −0.47 | 0.09 |
| Main effects of race | ||||||||||
| Intercept Asian | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.13 | −0.28 | 0.16 |
| Intercept Black | −0.69 | 0.08 | −0.53 | 0.06 | −0.72 | 0.08 | −0.51 | 0.13 | −0.32 | 0.10 |
| Intercept Latinx | −1 | 0.07 | −0.87 | 0.08 | −1.04 | 0.04 | −0.7 | 0.05 | −0.70 | 0.18 |
| Intercept Multiracial | −0.35 | 0.05 | −0.25 | 0.04 | −0.38 | 0.05 | −0.19 | 0.13 | −0.24 | 0.12 |
| Intercept Native American | −0.92 | 0.13 | −0.81 | 0.15 | −0.84 | 0 | −0.99 | 0.03 | −0.59 | 0.40 |
| Intercept Pacific Islander | −0.56 | 0.14 | −0.22 | 0.09 | −0.51 | 0.03 | −0.18 | 0.14 | −0.12 | 0.40 |
| Student perceptions of climate | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.02 | ||||
| School-level variables | ||||||||||
| School climate | −0.18 | 0.13 | −0.27 | 0.06 | −0.31 | 0.15 | ||||
| School poverty | −0.08 | 0.07 | −0.28 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Middle School Intercept | −0.33 | 0.26 | ||||||||
| High School Intercept | −0.66 | 0.13 | ||||||||
| School-level variables X race interactions | ||||||||||
| School Climate X Asian | −0.12 | 0.04 | −0.09 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.06 | ||||
| School Climate X Black | 0.42 | 0.05 | 0.43 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.11 | ||||
| School Climate X Latinx | 0.35 | 0.08 | 0.41 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.14 | ||||
| School Climate X Multiracial | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 0.2 | 0.27 | 0.10 | ||||
| School Climate X Native American | 0.34 | 0.17 | 0.48 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.09 | ||||
| School Climate X Pacific Islander | 0.59 | 0.17 | 0.59 | 0.09 | 0.44 | 0.17 | ||||
| School Poverty X Asian | −0.04 | 0.07 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||
| School Poverty X Black | 0.1 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.05 | ||||||
| School Poverty X Latinx | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.2 | 0.04 | ||||||
| School Poverty X Multiracial | −0.13 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.08 | ||||||
| School Poverty X Native American | 0.09* | 0* | 0.24 | 0.06 | ||||||
| School Poverty X Pacific Islander | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.3 | 0.09 | ||||||
| Middle School X Asian | 0.77 | 0.18 | ||||||||
| Middle School X Black | −0.64 | 0.41 | ||||||||
| Middle School X Latinx | −0.37 | 0.35 | ||||||||
| Middle School X Multiracial | 0.07 | 0.25 | ||||||||
| Middle School X Native American | −0.80 | 0.23 | ||||||||
| Middle School X Pacific Islander | −0.45 | 0.24 | ||||||||
| High School X Asian | 1.14 | 0.14 | ||||||||
| High School X Black | −0.81 | 0.24 | ||||||||
| High School X Latinx | −0.55 | 0.29 | ||||||||
| High School X Multiracial | 0.01 | 0.18 | ||||||||
| High School X Native American | −0.81 | 0.46 | ||||||||
| High School X Pacific Islander | −0.27 | 0.40 | ||||||||
| Random effects | Var. | Var. | Var. | Var. | Var. | |||||
| Intercept | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.26 | |||||
| Asian | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.02 | |||||
| Black | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.09 | |||||
| Latinx | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.10 | |||||
| Multiracial | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | |||||
| Native American | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.00* | 0.00 | 0.04 | |||||
| Pacific Islander | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.01* | 0.14 | 0.16 | |||||
Note: Bold estimates are significant at p<.05.
*
Estimates of standard errors for the effect of school poverty on the slope for Native students may not be trustworthy. Estimates of residual variance for Pacific Islander students may not be trustworthy. In both cases, it is likely that the distribution of students of these racial backgrounds is uneven and sparse across schools.