a Representative traces show TGOT (1 μM) excites PVT neurons of mice at postnatal 2–3 and 7–10 weeks. b Percentage of TGOT-responsive PVT neurons in both male and female mice at postnatal 2–3 and 7–10 weeks. Chi-square test, *p < 0.05 compared with postnatal 2–3 weeks. c TGOT evoked depolarization on TGOT-responsive neurons in both male and female mice at postnatal 2–3 weeks (n = 22 cell from ten male mice, n = 23 cells from ten female mice) and 7–10 weeks (n = 24 cells from 22 male mice, n = 28 cells from 20 female mice). Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests for multiple comparisons. 2–3 vs. 7–10 weeks in both male and female mice: n.s., no significant difference. d Effect of TGOT on firing rate of TGOT-responsive PVT neurons in both male and female mice at postnatal 2–3 weeks (n = 22 cell from ten male mice, n = 23 cells from ten female mice) and 7–10 weeks (n = 24 cell from 22 male mice, n = 28 cells from 20 female mice). Three-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests for multiple comparisons. TGOT vs. Ctrl: ***p < 0.001. e Representative traces show TGOT (1 μM) excites neurons in aPVT, mPVT, and pPVT of mice at postnatal 7–10 weeks. f Percentage of TGOT-excited neurons in aPVT, mPVT, and pPVT of mice at postnatal 7–10 weeks. Chi-square test, *p < 0.05 compared with aPVT area. g Effect of TGOT on the membrane potential of TGOT-responsive neurons in aPVT (n = 12 cells from eight mice), mPVT (n = 34 cells from 18 mice), and pPVT (n = 15 cells from 12 mice) of mice at postnatal 7–10 weeks. Two-way ANOVA repeated measures followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests for multiple comparisons. TGOT vs. Ctrl: ***p < 0.001. h Effect of TGOT on firing rate of TGOT-responsive neurons in aPVT (n = 12 cells), mPVT (n = 34 cells), and pPVT (n = 15 cells) of mice at postnatal 7–10 weeks. Two-way ANOVA repeated measures followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests for multiple comparisons. TGOT vs. Ctrl in various PVT subregions: *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. mPVT and pPVT neurons with TGOT treatment vs. aPVT neurons with TGOT treatment. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01.