Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and disease severity markers at admission of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors users in discontinuation and continuation cohorts
| RASIs discontinued N=340 (%) | RASIs continued N=285 (%) | Standardised difference | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, Males | 213 (62.7) | 166 (58.3) | +0.09 | 0.26 |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 74 (65.5-82) | 75 (68-82) | −0.16 | 0.22 |
| Baseline risk factors and comorbidities | ||||
| Obesity | 57 (16.8) | 86 (30.2) | −0.32 | <0.001 |
| Smoking | −0.09 | 0.76 | ||
| Non-smoker | 129 (37.9) | 116 (40.7) | ||
| Current smoker | 14 (4.1) | 15 (5.3) | ||
| Past smoker | 102 (30.0) | 81 (28.4) | ||
| Not recorded | 95 (27.9) | 73 (25.6) | ||
| Hypertension | 332 (97.6) | 277 (97.2) | +0.03 | 0.72 |
| Diabetes | 123 (36.2) | 111 (38.9) | −0.06 | 0.48 |
| Dyslipidemia | 219 (64.4) | 193 67.7) | −0.07 | 0.38 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 50 (14.7) | 49 (17.2) | −0.07 | 0.40 |
| Heart failure | 29 (8.5) | 40 (14.0) | −0.17 | 0.03 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 50 (14.7) | 49 (17.2) | −0.07 | 0.40 |
| Thromboembolic disease | 11 (3.2) | 17 (6.0) | −0.13 | 0.10 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 18 (5.3) | 32 (11.2) | −0.22 | 0.01 |
| COPD | 42 (12.4) | 38 (13.3) | −0.03 | 0.71 |
| Asthma | 27 (7.9) | 20 (7.0) | +0.04 | 0.66 |
| Cancer | ||||
| Antecedents | 32 (9.4) | 30 (10.5) | −0.04 | 0.64 |
| Current | 35 (10.3) | 32 (11.2) | −0.03 | 0.71 |
| Chronic renal failure | 38 (11.2) | 34 (11.9) | −0.02 | 0.77 |
| Treatment before admission | ||||
| ACEIs | 172 (50.6) | 149 (52.3) | −0.03 | 0.67 |
| ARBs | 170 (50.0) | 138 (48.4) | +0.03 | 0.69 |
| AMRs | 11 (3.2) | 12 (4.2) | −0.05 | 0.52 |
| CCBs | 115 (33.8) | 81 (28.4) | +0.12 | 0.15 |
| Diuretics | 173 (50.9) | 157 (55.1) | −0.08 | 0.29 |
| Beta-blockers | 81 (23.8) | 73 (25.6) | −0.04 | 0.60 |
| Alpha-blockers | 20 (5.9) | 20 (7.0) | −0.05 | 0.56 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 55 (16.2) | 59 (20.7) | −0.12 | 0.14 |
| Antiplatelet agents | 93 (27.4) | 82 (28.8) | −0.03 | 0.69 |
| NSAIDs | 29 (8.5) | 20 (7.0) | +0.06 | 0.48 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 25 (7.4) | 10 (3.5) | +0.17 | 0.04 |
| Paracetamol | 177 (52.1) | 173 (60.7) | −0.17 | 0.03 |
| Metamizole | 94 (27.6) | 74 (26.0) | +0.04 | 0.64 |
| Statins | 173 (50.9) | 164 (57.5) | −0.13 | 0.10 |
| Ezetimibe | 14 (4.1) | 12 (4.2) | −0.004 | 0.95 |
| Glucose lowering drugs | 100 (29.4) | 94 (33.0) | −0.08 | 0.34 |
| Insulin | 32 (9.4) | 37 (13.0) | −0.11 | 0.16 |
| Hospital (row %) | ||||
| HUPA | 136 (64.5) | 75 (35.6) | ||
| HUG | 28 (23.5) | 91(76.5) | ||
| HURyC | 56 (67.5) | 27 (32.5) | ||
| HCDGU | 28 (41.2) | 40 (58.2) | - | <0.001 |
| HCSC | 30 (46.2) | 35 (53.9) | ||
| HULPr | 53 (93.0) | 4 (7.0) | ||
| HUPHM | 9 (40.9) | 13 (59.1) | ||
| Date of admission (row %) | ||||
| March, 1–10 | 26 (32.1) | 55 (67.9) | ||
| March, 11–20 | 219 (52.6) | 197 (47.4) | - | <0.001 |
| March, 21–31 | 95 (74.2) | 33 (25.8) | ||
| Disease severity at admission | ||||
| Pneumonia | 319 (93.8) | 252 (88.4) | +0.19 | 0.02 |
| Hypoxaemia* | 153 (45.0) | 116 (40.7) | +0.09 | 0.28 |
| CRP** | 322 (94.7) | 271 (95.1) | −0.02 | 0.83 |
| Troponin** | 21 (6.2) | 19 (6.7) | −0.02 | 0.80 |
| D-dimer** | 184 (54.1) | 137 (48.1) | +0.12 | 0.13 |
| Procalcitonin** | 140 (41.2) | 79 (27.7) | +0.29 | <0.001 |
| NT-pro-BNP** | 42 (12.4) | 36 (12.6) | −0.01 | 0.92 |
| Lymphopenia | 192 (56.5) | 162 (56.8) | −0.01 | 0.93 |
| Severity score*** | ||||
| 0–1 | 39 (11.5) | 40 (14.0) | ||
| 2 | 66 (19.4) | 74 (26.0) | ||
| 3 | 109 (32.1) | 80 (28.1) | - | 0.16 |
| 4 | 80 (23.5) | 66 (23.2) | ||
| 5 | 39 (11.5) | 20 (7.0) | ||
| 6–7 | 7 (2.1) | 5 (1.8) | ||
| Mean (SD) | 3.1 (1.2) | 2.9 (1.2) | +0.18 | 0.03 |
Abbreviations: ACEIs angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, AMRs antagonists of mineralocorticoid receptor, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CCBs calcium channel blockers, CRP C-reactive protein, HCDGU Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, HCSC Hospital Clínico San Carlos, HUG Hospital Universitario de Getafe, HULPr Hospital Universitario La Princesa, HUPA Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, HUPHM Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro de Madrid, HURyC Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IQR interquartile range, NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NT-pro-BNP N-terminal proprotein natriuretic peptide type B, RASIs renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, SD standard deviation
*SatO2 <90%, or PaO2/FiO2 ≤315 mm Hg
**Patients with abnormal values measured at admission
***Composite variable including: hypoxaemia, CRP, troponin, D-dimer, procalcitonin, NT-pro-BNP, and lymphopenia. Abnormal value: 1; normal or missing: 0