a Animal study protocol for SD rats. Each rat received a systemic infusion of either saline or intralipid 60 min before a 2-h insulin clamp (3 mU · kg−1 · min−1). Berberine (10 mg/kg) was i.g. administered 60 min before or after the initiation of the insulin clamp. b Time courses of the glucose infusion rate (GIR) during the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps. The data are shown as the mean ± SD. ***P < 0.001 vs. saline group; ###P < 0.001 vs. intralipid group, n = 3–4. c Steady-state GIR. The data are shown as the mean ± SD. ***P < 0.001 vs. saline group, ###P < 0.001 vs. intralipid group, n = 3–4. d Fasting blood glucose. e Animal study protocol for C57BL/6 mice. f ITT. g Kitt. The data are shown as the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05 vs. saline group, #P < 0.05 vs. intralipid group, n = 4. h Ca2+-overload induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial swelling in the indicated groups in protocol 1. The data are shown as the mean ± SD. ###P < 0.001 vs. intralipid group, n = 3.