Fig. 2. Berberine regulates CypD protein expression in vitro.

AML12 hepatocytes (a) and HSMCs (b) were pretreated with 0.4 M palmitate acid (PA) for 2 h before coincubation with 5 μM BBR for 24 h. CypD protein expression was detected through Western blot analysis and quantified by densitometry. The data are shown as the mean ± SD. ^#P < 0.05 vs. PA. c HSMCs were exposed to BBR at different concentrations (1, 2.5, and 5 μM) for 24 h. Western blot analysis of CypD, phospho-AMPK (Thr¹⁷²), total AMPK, phospho-Akt (Ser⁴⁷³), and total Akt protein expression normalized to GAPDH.