Fig. 4. The effect of berberine is independent of the liver and intestine.

a Animal study protocols. Each rat received a systemic infusion of intralipid 60 min before a 2 h euglycemic insulin clamp was performed (3 mU · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹). BBR was intragastrically (i.g., 10 mg/kg), intravenously (i.v., 15 μg/kg) or intraportally (p.v., 20 μg/kg) administered 60 min before the insulin clamp. b Time courses of the glucose infusion rate (GIR) during the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. The data are shown as the mean ± SD. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 vs. intralipid group; ns not significant; n = 3–4. c Steady-state GIR. The data are shown as the mean ± SD. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 vs. intralipid group; ns not significant; n = 3–4.