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. 2021 May 12;11:10074. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89277-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Two-stage model fits Experiment 4 results. (a) Model with two cascaded stages of filtering (IC-2). The first stage of this model detects texture elements (here, micro-patterns) on a fine spatial scale. The second stage looks for differences in the outputs of these first-stage filters on the coarse spatial scale of the texture boundary, at either of two possible orientations. Such a model can detect differences in the proportions of black and white micro-patterns on opposite sides of the boundary, while being fairly robust to interference from luminance steps. (b) Fits of single-stage model IC-1 (green squares) and two-stage model IC-2 (red squares) to data from Experiment 4a (blue circles, lines denote 95% confidence intervals), for four ways of combining LTB and LSB stimuli: neutral (neu); congruent, in-phase (c0); congruent, opposite phase (c180); and incongruent (inc).