| Classical high-temperature solid-state syntheses |
Well-explored; much background knowledge |
Bulk material production is time and energy consuming and not suitable for practical use |
| Not suitable for non-equilibrium phase formation |
| Mechanochemical syntheses |
Scalable material production; synthesis of non-equilibrium phases, reduced post synthesis processing time and temperature |
Difficult to control the particle morphology. Optimization of processing parameters is needed |
| Solution syntheses |
Scalable, cost-effective approach; synthesis of non-equilibrium phases, reduced post-synthesis processing time and temperature. Possibility controlled particle morphology |
Underlying reaction chemistry sometimes poorly understood, as well as interactions between reagents and solvent |
| Solvent choice can be critical but is nontrivial. Solvent residue or carbonized solvent can remain in product |
| Sol–gel syntheses |
Scalable; non-equilibrium phases attainable |
Expensive alkoxide routes. Not universally applicable since it is difficult to choose the right alkoxide reagents having similar reactivity for a given stoichiometry |
| Microwave syntheses |
Energy-efficient and cost-effective synthesis process |
Not well-optimized; influence on phase formation is not well understood yet |
| Post-synthetic treatments |
Controlled material density, particle size and morphology, crystallinity and associated conductivity |
Materials decomposition if the conditions are not carefully monitored |