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. 2021 Jan 25;46(5):911–919. doi: 10.1038/s41386-021-00967-x

Fig. 3. Input rsFC features for the final support vector regression model and brain-PAD associations in MDD.

Fig. 3

A Top 40 regions of interest predicting age, colored by brain network. The top ROIs were identified by ranking ROIs by the number of rsFC input features included in the model. B The number of rsFC features included in the model by within- or between-network rsFC of the top 40 ROIs. C The mean rsFC correlation with chronological age for within- and between-network rsFC of the top 40 ROIs. D Kernel density estimations of the brain-PAD in the MDD and HC sample from the same site and scanner. Brain-PAD in MDD was significantly higher than that of HC from the same site and scanner (Estimate = −3.66, SE = 1.49, p = 0.015, HC = 3.38 ± 14.06 years; MDD = 5.49 ± 12.65 years). E Greater financial impulsivity on the BIS-11 factor was associated with an older brain-PAD (Estimate = 3.08, SE = 1.00, p = 0.003); factor scores are normalized and account for other regressors included in the GLM. F Interaction of HDRS score and gender; males with high depressive symptomatology had older brain-PADs (Estimate = −2.27, SE = 0.69, p = 0.002); HDRS scores are normalized and account for other regressors included in the GLM. G HDRS percent improvement in the placebo-controlled TMS trial (PAD*Group (Placebo > Active) Estimate = 1.43, SE = 0.49, p = 0.004). Improvements only in the placebo arm were significantly associated with brain-PAD (Placebo estimate = 0.91, SE = 0.35, p = 0.015; 20 Hz Estimate = −0.40, SE = 0.71, p = 0.58; 1 Hz Estimate = −0.26, SE = 0.47, p = 0.59). Amyg: amygdala, AN: affective network, COTC: cingulo-opercular task control network, dACC: dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, DAN: dorsal attention network, DMN: default mode network, FPN: frontoparietal network, HC: healthy controls, HDRS: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hipp hippocampus, IFG: inferior frontal gyrus, Ins insula, MDD: major depressive disorder, OFC: orbitofrontal cortex, rACC: rostral anterior cingulate cortex, PAD: brain-predicted age difference, SM: sensorimotor network, sgACC: subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, SMA supplementary motor area, SN: salience network, Thal thalamus, VAN: ventral attention network.