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. 2021 May 12;11:10079. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89551-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Systemic cytokines in women living with HIV versus HIV-negative women across pregnancy. (A) Pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α, IP-10, IL-8), (B) anti-viral (IFNα2, IFNβ, IFNλ1, IFNλ2/3), (C) Th1 (IFNγ, IL-2, IL-12p70), (D) Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), (E) Th17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22) and (F) pleiotropic and anti-inflammatory (IL-6, IL-9, GM-CSF and IL-10 respectively) cytokines were measured in maternal plasma collected during the first (T1), second (T2) and third (T3) trimester in women living with HIV (HIV+) and HIV-negative women (HIV−). Data are presented as the percentage of samples in which cytokines were detected by multiplex cytokine assay. *P < 0.05.