Table 1.
Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of subjects included in the study
| Lean | Obese NG | Obese T2D | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (males, females) | 24 (6, 18) | 35 (6, 29) | 39 (10, 29) |
| Age (years) | 36 ± 3 | 40 ± 2 | 43 ± 2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.1 ± 3.0 | 42.5 ± 5.2** | 45.8 ± 7.4***,†† |
| Body fat (%) | 22.4 ± 1.6 | 52.4 ± 5.5*** | 52.5 ± 7.2*** |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 75 ± 10 | 119 ± 14** | 128 ± 13**,† |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 94 ± 6 | 128 ± 9** | 133 ± 12**,† |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.80 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.09** | 0.96 ± 0.08** |
| SBP (mmHg) | 105 ± 6 | 121 ± 16** | 134 ± 15**,†† |
| DBP (mmHg) | 66 ± 7 | 75 ± 7** | 84 ± 8**,†† |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 85 ± 5 | 89 ± 6 | 129 ± 7**,†† |
| 2 h OGTT glucose (mg/dL) | – | 113 ± 6 | 205 ± 4††† |
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 6.8 ± 2.0 | 16.7 ± 6.4 | 20.2 ± 1.7* |
| 2 h OGTT insulin (μU/mL) | – | 72.7 ± 8.6 | 140.0 ± 18.1††† |
| HOMA | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 4.0** |
| QUICKI | 0.371 ± 0.037 | 0.330 ± 0.038 | 0.306 ± 0.024***,† |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 67 ± 7 | 95 ± 7 | 139 ± 12**,† |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176 ± 7 | 190 ± 7 | 196 ± 6 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 103 ± 7 | 116 ± 6 | 118 ± 6 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 64 ± 3 | 54 ± 2 | 48 ± 2** |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 8.1 ± 1.3 | 56.1 ± 3.9*** | 48.2 ± 5.3** |
| Leukocytes (×106) | 7.35 ± 0.42 | 7.65 ± 0.55 | 7.56 ± 0.36 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 9.3 ± 1.4** | 7.3 ± 1.1* |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 215 ± 18 | 395 ± 13** | 352 ± 16** |
| von Willebrand factor (%) | 56 ± 8 | 128 ± 12** | 131 ± 10** |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 6.8 ± 0.4 | 9.1 ± 0.5* | 9.6 ± 0.5** |
| AST (U/L) | 13 ± 1 | 17 ± 2 | 15 ± 1 |
| ALT (U/L) | 10 ± 3 | 22 ± 3 | 24 ± 2 |
| AST/ALT | 1.74 ± 0.21 | 0.81 ± 0.05** | 0.71 ± 0.04** |
| ALP (U/L) | 93 ± 8 | 94 ± 5 | 93 ± 5 |
| γ-GT (U/L) | 11 ± 2 | 19 ± 2 | 29 ± 5* |
ALP alkaline phosphatase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, DBP diastolic blood pressure, γ-GT γ-glutamyltransferase, HOMA homeostatic model assessment, NG normoglycemic, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, QUICKI quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, SBP systolic blood pressure, T2D type 2 diabetes
Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. CRP concentrations were logarithmically transformed for statistical analysis. Differences between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests or by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t tests, where appropriate. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 vs. lean. †P < 0.05, ††P < 0.01 and †††P < 0.01 vs. obese NG