a Inhibition of NG52 on the phosphorylation of PDHK1 and PDH in glioma cells was examined by Western blot after glioma cells were treated with NG52 for 12 h under hypoxic conditions. b Lactate production of U87 and U251 cells treated with NG52 was examined using an EnzyChrom™ lactate Assay Kit after treatment with NG52 for 12 h under hypoxic conditions, n = 3. c ATP levels in U87 and U251 cells were examined after glioma cells were treated with NG52 for the indicated times, n = 3. d ROS production of U87 and U251 cells treated with NG52 was examined using a FACS Calibur (Becton Dickinson), and the results were analyzed by FlowJo (Becton Dickinson), n = 3. The results are the mean ± SD of three independent experiments; ns not statistically significant; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001.