Fig. 4. Coinfection influenced the effects of single infections on the predicted abundance of gut microbial genera in African buffalo.

The interaction between bovine tuberculosis (TB) status and anthelmintic treatment explained variation in the abundance of a Methanosphaera and b SHD-231. Post hoc tests revealed that coinfection changed the magnitude of relationships between single infections and genera abundance. Fitted points constructed from univariate tests of a multivariate linear model and error bars represent standard errors. Asterisks indicate significant contrasts among factor levels (p < 0.05) and “ns” indicates nonsignificant contrasts.