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. 2020 Sep 8;18(4):889–904. doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-00532-4

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Phage–immune interactions in the gut. Phages interact with the host immune system in various ways. Depicted are some examples of such interactions occurring in the mammalian gut, including phage-induced stimulation of macrophages to inhibit phagocytosis and production of inflammatory cytokines, activation of dendritic cells and ILCs to produce IFNs, and promoting direct protection against bacterial colonization