Table 1.
Collection of biomarkers described to be elevated in COVID-19 patients
| Biomarker | Measured in | Associated with | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood | Plasma | Serum | BALF | Severity | Thrombosis | |
| NETs | ||||||
| DNA |
Ng et al. [10] Leppkes et al. [11] Zhang et al. [12] |
Zuo et al. [3] Leppkes et al. [11] |
Zuo et al. [3] Ng et al. [10] Leppkes et al. [11] Zhang et al. [12] |
Zuo et al. [4] | ||
| his-DNA | Ouwendijk et al. [6] | Guéant et al. [13] | ||||
| MPO/DNA |
Middleton et al. [8] Skendros et al. [7] Veras et al. [9] Leppkes et al. [11] Petito et al. [5] Ouwendijk et al. [6] Zhang et al. [12] |
Zuo et al. [3] Guéant et al. [13] |
Middleton et al. [8] Zuo et al. [3] Petito et al. [5] Ouwendijk et al. [6] Zhang et al. [12] |
Zuo et al. [4] Petito et al. [5] |
||
| NE/DNA | Leppkes et al. [11] | |||||
| H3Cit |
Ng et al. [10] Petito et al. [5] |
Zuo et al. [3] Leppkes et al. [11] |
Ng et al. [10] Leppkes et al. [11] Petito et al. [5] |
Zuo et al. [4] Petito et al. [5] |
||
| Complement | ||||||
| C3 | Zhang et al. [12] | Zhang et al. [12] | ||||
| C5 | Zhang et al. [12] | Zhang et al. [12] | ||||
| C5a |
Carvelli et al. [25] Cugno et al. [26] Cugno et al. [27] Holter et al. [28] |
Carvelli et al. [25] | Carvelli et al. [25] | |||
| sC5b-9 |
Skendros et al. [7] Cugno et al. [26] Cugno et al. [27] Holter et al. [28] |
Cugno et al. [26] Cugno et al. [27] Holter et al. [28] |
||||
| Others | ||||||
| miRNAa | Li et al. [14] | |||||
| ACE2 | Nagy et al. [16] | Garvin et al. [15] | ||||
| HMGB1 | Chen et al. [18] | Chen et al. [18] | ||||
| PGRN | Rieder et al. [20] | Rieder et al. [20] | ||||
| CPN |
Shi et al. [23] Silvin et al. [24] |
Zuo et al. [4] Bauer et al. [21] Shi et al. [23] Luis et al. [22] |
Bauer et al. [21] Shi et al. [23] Silvin et al. [24] Luis et al. [22] |
Zuo et al. [4] | ||
| NE | Ng et al. [10] | Ng et al. [10] | ||||
| MMP-9 | Petito et al.5 | |||||
aCertain miRNAs were upregulated and others were downregulated in COVID-19 patients