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. 2021 Apr 21;12:593595. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.593595

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Serum cytokine levels in pandemic influenza A(H1N1) and COVID-19 patients. Serum levels of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in healthy volunteer donors (HD, n=13), patients with COVID-19 (n=10 moderate, 24 severe), and influenza (n=23), were assessed by Luminex assay. Violin plots display medians and interquartile ranges (IQR). Differences between groups we estimated using the Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Dunn´s test. Significant differences are denoted by bars and asterisks: *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001. (A) IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; (B) TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; (C) IL-1β, interleukin 1beta; (D) IL-1RA, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; (E) IL-2, interleukin 2; (F) IL-4, interleukin 4; (G) IL-5, interleukin 5; (H) IL-7, interleukin 7; (I) IL-12p70, interleukin 12 p70 subunit; (J) IL-13, interleukin 13; (K) IL-17A, interleukin 17A; (L) CCL3, C-C motif chemokine ligand 3; (M) CCL11, C-C motif chemokine ligand 11; (N) G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; (O) VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.