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. 2021 May 12;19(5):e3001182. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001182

Fig 3. Glyphosate alters the composition, but not density, of the A. gambiae midgut microbiota.

Fig 3

(A) Glyphosate does not alter microbial density of the culturable mosquito midgut bacteria (grown on LB agar). Each sample consists of 40–50 individual mosquito midguts over 3 independent replicates. Error bars represent the mean and ±SD. (B) Glyphosate alters the composition of the mosquito microbiota, leading to decrease of Entereobacteriacae and an increase of Asaia spp. (C) The glyphosate treatments do not significantly alter alpha diversity as measured by the Shannon Index (statistical analysis conducted using one-way ANOVA; NS = p > 0.05). (D) However, the glyphosate-treated and control-treated microbiota form distinct clusters in principle coordinates analysis, measured by Bray–Curtis dissimilarity. Statistical significance was tested by PERMANOVA (p < 0.001, R = 0.557). Each treatment group represents 5 individual mosquito midguts. For underlying data, please see Data Availability section and/or S1 Table. For more information, see also S3 Fig. CFU, colony forming unit; n.s., not significant.