Table 2.
Clinical characteristics by vital status at 90 days
| Alive at 90 days (n = 142) | Died by 90 days (n = 71) | P value | |
| Age (yr) | 55.5 [46.0, 62.0] | 62.0 [55.0, 67.0] | <0.001 |
| Female sex (%) | 44 (31.0) | 22 (31.0) | 1.0 |
| White race (%) | 131 (92.3) | 66 (93.0) | 0.85 |
| Non-Hispanic ethnicity (%) | 123 (86.6) | 66 (93.0) | 0.17 |
| Etiology of cirrhosis (%) | 0.39 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 22 (15.5) | 7 (9.9) | |
| Alcohol | 50 (35.2) | 19 (26.8) | |
| Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis | 13 (9.2) | 8 (11.3) | |
| Multifactorial | 36 (25.4) | 21 (29.6) | |
| Other | 20 (14.1) | 15 (21.1) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma (%) | 7 (4.9) | 11 (15.5) | 0.009 |
| Presence of infection (%) | 43 (30.3) | 25 (35.2) | 0.47 |
| MELD score | 22.0 [16.5, 29.0] | 26.0 [18.0, 32.0] | 0.02 |
| CLIF-C ACLF score | 43.9 [37.3, 50.9] | 47.9 [41.7, 53.5] | 0.005 |
| Laboratory values | |||
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 134 [130, 138] | 135 [131, 140] | 0.30 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.4 [0.8, 2.2] | 2.1 [1.5, 3.0] | <0.001 |
| White blood cell count (K/uL) | 7.2 [4.7, 10.8] | 7.6 [5.4, 13.4] | 0.15 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 8.8 [7.8, 10.4] | 8.8 [7.9, 10.4] | 0.87 |
| Platelets (K/uL) | 87 [57, 141] | 82 [58, 113] | 0.50 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 2.8 [2.5, 3.3] | 3.3 [2.6, 3.6] | 0.01 |
| INR | 1.6 [1.4, 2.1] | 1.8 [1.5, 2.1] | 0.21 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 3.7 [1.6, 10.2] | 7.0 [2.3, 20.2] | 0.02 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 55 [35, 84] | 70 [41, 124] | 0.05 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 26 [16, 44] | 29 [17, 59] | 0.13 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 109 [80, 154] | 111 [91, 166] | 0.27 |
| AKI stage (%) | <0.001 | ||
| No AKI | 46 (32.4) | 6 (8.5) | |
| Stage 1 | 32 (22.5) | 14 (19.7) | |
| Stage 2 | 24 (16.9) | 13 (18.3) | |
| Stage 3 | 40 (28.2) | 38 (53.5) | |
| Required renal replacement therapy (%) | 20 (14.1) | 22 (31.0) | 0.004 |
| Type of AKI (%) | <0.001 | ||
| No AKI | 46 (88.5) | 6 (11.5) | |
| Prerenal AKI | 40 (70.2) | 17 (29.8) | |
| HRS | 31 (56.4) | 24 (43.6) | |
| ATN | 25 (51.0) | 24 (49.0) | |
| Urinary NGAL (μg/g creatinine) | 59 [0, 191] | 159 [50, 865] | <0.001 |
Continuous variables given as median [IQR]. MELD and CLIF-C ACLF score were taken at hospital admission. All laboratory values were taken at the time of enrollment.
AKI, acute kidney injury; ATN, acute tubular necrosis; CLIF-C ACLF, CLIF Consortium Organ Failure Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure score; HRS, hepatorenal syndrome; INR, International normalized ratio; IQR, interquartile range; MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.