Table 7.

Bacteria causing childhood hip infections, work-ups to detect infections, and antibiotic regimens

Authors	Infective agents (n of infections)	Preoperative work-up	Intraoperative work-up	Antibiotic regimen
Park et al. [36]			Swab and tissue cultures
Luo et al. [29]	Staphylococcus aureus (80), Streptococcus (9), unknown (12)	Suction 8 weeks before surgery, blood cell count, ESR, CRP	Swab and tissue cultures, frozen section of suspicious tissues	Cefuroxime intravenous 4.5 g/day for 2 days
Yang et al. [45]		Blood cell count, ESR, CRP	Synovial fluid and tissue cultures, frozen section	Norvancomycin 0.4 g intravenous, intraoperatively and twice daily for 2 days
Wang et al. [43]	Staphylococcus aureus (50), Streptococcus (2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1), Escherichia coli (2), Hemophilus influenzae bacillus (1)	Blood cell count, ESR, CRP, technetium-99, and gallium bone scans, local symptoms of the infection, and CT and MRI if septic arthritis suspected	Synovial fluid and tissue cultures, frozen section if radiolucent line	Cefuroxime 1500 mg intravenous every 8 hours for 1 day
Zeng et al. [48]		Blood cell count, ESR, CRP	Synovial fluid and tissue cultures, frozen section	Norvancomycin 0.4 g intravenous intraoperatively and twice daily for 2 days
Kim et al. [20]	Staphylococcus aureus (53), Pneumococcus (3), Hemophilus influenzae (3), Salmonella (1), Meningococcus (1), Escherichia coli (1)	Suction 8 weeks before surgery, blood cell count, ESR, CRP	Synovial fluid, smear and tissue cultures, frozen section of suspicious tissues, bone biopsy in case of radiolucent lines	Cefazolin intravenous 4 g/day for 2 days
Yoo et al. [46]
Lian et al. [26]		Blood cell count, ESR, CRP, technetium-99 and gallium bone scans	Swab and tissue cultures, frozen section of suspicious tissues	4 g cephalosporin daily for 5 g, then orally for 1 week
Lim and Park [27]	Pyogenic infections (58)	Aspiration in case of suspicious infections, blood cell count, ESR, CRP	Swab and tissue cultures	Cephalosporin intravenous for 3 days, then orally for 1 week
Kim et al. [18]	Staphylococcus aureus (145), Streptococcus (8), unknown (17)	Suction 8 weeks before surgery, blood cell count, ESR, CRP	Synovial fluid, smear and tissue cultures, frozen section of suspicious tissues, bone biopsy in case of radiolucent lines	Cephalosporin intravenous 4 g/day for 2 days
Kim [16]		Suction before surgery, blood examinations	Synovial fluid, smear and tissue cultures	Cephalosporin intravenous 6 g/day for 2 days

ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP = C-reactive protein.