Table 2.

Summary of studied histone modifications in T1D

Genes	Modification alterations	Effects	References
HDAC	Decreased expression in human CD4+ T cell	Regulation of transcription	[48]
HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1	Increased H3K9 acetylation in monocytes	H3K9Ac status may be relevant to their regulation and transcriptional response toward external stimuli	[50]
H4	Increased acetylated histone H4 in monocytes	Potentially reduces endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and atherothrombotic events	[99]
NFκB-p65	Enhanced H3K4 and reduced H3K9 methylation	Involved in the inflammatory responses, plays a key role in regulating the immune response to infection	[47]
CTLA4	Increased H3K9me2 methylation in T1D lymphocytes	Enhances T cell activation	[46]

T1D: Type 1 diabetes.