Table 4.
lncRNAs that have been implicated in T1D
| lncRNAs | Cell types | Effects | References |
| NONMMUT036704 | Pancreatic β-cell line (MIN6) | Upregulated after MIN6 cells exposed to the proinflammatory cytokines, may play an important role in the development of T1D through the regulation of NGAL | [110] |
| NONMMUT034373 | MIN6 | Upregulated after MIN6 cells exposed to the proinflammatory cytokines, sense overlap PD-L1 | [110,111] |
| IGF2-AS | β cells | Potentially promotes β-cell proliferation | [112,113] |
| MEG3 | β cells | A novel lncRNA regulator of insulin synthesis, secretion, and sensitivity | [77,114] |
| PVT1 | A variety of renal cell types such as mesangial cells | It can increase proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in multiple cell types, associated with ESRD attributed to T1D | [115,116] |
| HI-LNC25 | β cells | A β cell-specific lncRNA downregulates GLIS3 mRNA, thus exemplifies a gene regulatory function of islet lncRNAs | [76] |
| βlinc1 (HI-LNC15) | β cells | Necessary for the specification and function of insulin-producing β cells, deletion of βlinc1 results in defective islet development and disruption of glucose homeostasis in adult mice | [117] |
| MIN6 cells | |||
| PLUTO (HI-LNC71) | β cells | Affects local 3D chromatin structure and transcription of PDX1, thereby modulates the PDX1-dependent transcriptional program | [118] |
| EndoC-βH1 | |||
| Tunar (HI-LNC78) | β cells | A glucose-regulated islet transcript reduces insulin content and, consequently, impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion after knockdown of HILNC78 | [118] |
| EndoC-βH1 | |||
| MALAT1 | Endothelial cells | MALAT1 knockdown could obviously ameliorate diabetic retinopathy in vivo and regulate retinal endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro | [119,120] |
| TUG1 | β cells | Downregulation of lncRNA TUG1 expression affects apoptosis and insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo. lncRNA TUG1 may represent a factor that regulates the function of pancreatic β cells | [121] |
βlinc1: β-cell long intergenic non-coding RNA 1; ESRD: End-stage renal disease; IGF2-AS: Insulin-like growth factor 2 antisense RNA; lncRNAs: Long non-coding RNAs; MALAT1: Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; NGAL: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; PD-L1: Programmed death-1 ligand-1; PVT1: Plasmacytoma variant translocation 1; T1D: Type 1 diabetes.