Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of SG patients with and without hiatal hernia repair
| Variables | Unmatched cohorts* | Matched cohorts* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SG + hiatal hernia repair (n = 1765) | SGonly (n = 5352) | Standardized difference† | SG + hiatal hernia repair (n = 1546) | SGonly (n = 3170) | Standardized differenc† | |
| Age group, n (%) | .16 | .00 | ||||
| 18–29 yr | 570 (32.3) | 2077 (38.8) | 518 (33.5) | 1062 (33.5) | ||
| 30–39 yr | 602 (34.1) | 1764 (33.0) | 550 (35.6) | 1128 (35.6) | ||
| 40–49 yr | 466 (26.4) | 1191 (22.3) | 403 (26.1) | 826 (26.1) | ||
| 50–64 yr | 127 (7.2) | 320 (6.0) | 75 (4.9) | 154 (4.9) | ||
| Female sex, n (%) | 1415 (80.2) | 3949 (73.8) | .15 | 1288 (83.3) | 2641 (83.3) | .00 |
| Predominantly white neighborhood (≥75%), n (%)‡ | 815 (46.2) | 2622 (49.0) | .07 | 707 (45.7) | 1532 (48.3) | .08 |
| Neighborhood below poverty line, n(%)‡,¶ | .04 | .04 | ||||
| Less poor (<10%) | 798 (45.2) | 2321 (43.4) | 685 (44.3) | 1394 (44.0) | ||
| More poor (≥10%) | 816 (46.2) | 2557 (47.8) | 728 (47.1) | 1473 (46.5) | ||
| Missing | 151 (8.6) | 474 (8.9) | 133 (8.6) | 303 (9.6) | ||
| Region of United States, n (%) | .29 | .00 | ||||
| West | 290 (16.4) | 1053 (19.7) | 231 (14.9) | 474 (14.9) | ||
| South | 1037 (58.8) | 2555 (47.7) | 959 (62.0) | 1966 (62.0) | ||
| Midwest | 217 (12.3) | 1138 (21.3) | 199 (12.9) | 408 (12.9) | ||
| Northeast | 221 (12.5) | 595 (11.1) | 157 (10.2) | 322 (10.2) | ||
| Year of surgery, n (%) | .24 | .00 | ||||
| 2010–2011 | 156 (8.8) | 611 (11.4) | 113 (7.3) | 232 (7.3) | ||
| 2012–2013 | 504 (28.6) | 1240 (23.2) | 442 (28.6) | 906 (28.6) | ||
| 2014–2015 | 701 (39.7) | 1881 (35.1) | 628 (40.6) | 1288 (40.6) | ||
| 2016–2017 | 404 (22.9) | 1620 (30.3) | 363 (23.5) | 744 (23.5) | ||
| BMI category, n (%), kg/m2 | .30 | .00 | ||||
| 30–39.9 | 371 (21.0) | 855 (16.0) | 304 (19.7) | 623 (19.7) | ||
| 40–49.9 | 980 (55.5) | 2830 (52.9) | 924 (59.8) | 1895 (59.8) | ||
| 50–59.9 | 251 (14.2) | 912 (17.0) | 217 (14.0) | 445 (14.0) | ||
| ≥60 | 44 (2.5) | 297 (5.5) | 31 (2.0) | 64 (2.0) | ||
| Nonspecific obesity | 111 (6.3) | 431 (8.1) | 67 (4.3) | 137 (4.3) | ||
| Missing | 8 (.5) | 27 (.5) | 3 (.2) | 6 (.2) | ||
| GERD, n (%)‡ | .61 | .00 | ||||
| No diagnosis | 392 (22.2) | 2532 (47.3) | 350 (22.6) | 718 (22.6) | ||
| 1 inpatient diagnosis | 214 (12.1) | 817 (15.3) | 154 (10.0) | 316 (10.0) | ||
| 2+ outpatient diagnoses | 1159 (65.7) | 2003 (37.4) | 1042 (67.4) | 2137 (67.4) | ||
| Filled prescription for GERD medication, n (%)‡ | 686 (38.9) | 1652 (30.9) | .17 | 566 (36.6) | 1161 (36.6) | .00 |
| ACG score ≥3, n (%)‡,|| | 344 (19.5) | 783 (14.6) | .13 | 287 (18.6) | 521 (16.5) | .06 |
| Hypertension, n (%)‡ | 778 (44.1) | 2309 (43.1) | .02 | 646 (41.8) | 1351 (42.6) | − .02 |
| T2D, n (%)‡ | 535 (30.3) | 1680 (31.4) | −.02 | 445 (28.8) | 968 (30.5) | −.04 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%)‡ | 141 (8.0) | 335 (6.3) | .07 | 123 (8.0) | 187 (5.9) | .08 |
| Psychiatric illness, n (%)‡ | 708 (40.1) | 2231 (41.7) | − .03 | 635 (41.1) | 1348 (42.5) | − .03 |
| Tobacco/smoking history, n (%)‡ | 310 (17.6) | 932 (17.4) | .00 | 267 (17.3) | 588 (18.6) | − .03 |
| Surgery in inpatient setting, n (%) | 1397 (79.2) | 3739 (69.9) | .21 | 1225 (79.2) | 2335 (73.7) | .13 |
BMI = body mass index; GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease; ACG = Adjusted Clinical Groups; T2D = type 2 diabetes.
We conducted coarsened exact matching on preoperative GERD diagnosis, GERD medication use, age group, sex, baseline BMI category, ACG score, calendar year group of surgery, and United States region. Matched cohorts reflect weighted samples post matching.
Standardized differences are the difference in means between the intervention and control groups divided by the SD of the difference in means. Lower absolute values indicate greater similarity between groups, and values <.2 indicate minimal differences between groups.
For complete descriptions of how we constructed baseline variables, please refer to the Methods section.
Neighborhoods with less poverty were those where <10% of households were below the poverty line; more poverty were those where ≥ 10% of households were below the poverty line.
Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups System.