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. 2021 May 12;593(7858):233–237. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03462-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 1 — a–i, Formic acid (HCOOH) monthly average columns at nine different FTIR stations, displayed on a 1-year time base, from the 2010–2012 ground-based FTIR observations and EMAC simulations. The grey shaded areas correspond to the 1σ standard deviation of the individual FTIR measurements around the monthly average. The mean column bias and root-mean-squared error (RMSE) were calculated between the daily mean FTIR and EMAC data, over the days with FTIR measurements available. The vertical sensitivity of the FTIR retrievals was accounted for by applying averaging kernels (except at Wollongong, where no averaging kernels were produced). Details on the ground-based FTIR retrievals are provided in Supplementary Information, section 6. m a.s.l., metres above sea level.