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. 2021 Mar 18;13(2):127–145. doi: 10.1007/s12560-021-09461-5

Table 3.

A list of the seroprevalence levels of anti-HEV antibodies in pigs and the percentage of pork products found to be HEV positive by RT-PCR in those locations

Location Pig sample population anti-HEV antibody seroprevalence Percentage of tested foodstuffs HEV positive by RT-PCR
Brazil 63.6% of 357 pigs (Vitral et al. 2005) 1.7% of 118 slaughterhouse livers (Gardinali et al. 2012)
Canada 59.4% of 998 pigs (Yoo et al. 2001) 8.8% of 283 livers, 1.0% of 599 pork chops (Wilhelm et al. 2014)
47.0% of 76 pork pâtés and 10.5% of 19 retail raw pork livers (Mykytczuk et al. 2017)
France 31.0% of 6565 pigs (Rose et al. 2011); 60% of 1034 pigs (Feurer et al. 2018) 4.0% of 3715 slaughterhouse livers (Rose et al. 2011)
2.8% of 1034 slaughterhouse livers (Feurer et al. 2018)
30.0% of 140 figatelli and fitone, 29.0% of 169 liver sausages, 25.0% of 55 quenelles or quenelle paste, 3.0% of 30 dried salted livers (Pavio et al. 2014)
58.3% of 12 raw liver sausage (Colson et al. 2010)
Germany 49.8% of 1072 pigs (Baechlein et al. 2010) 4.0% of 200 retail livers (Wenzel et al. 2011)
20.0% of 70 raw sausages and 22.0% of 50 liver sausages (Szabo et al. 2015)
Italy 45.1% of 2700 pigs (Mughini-Gras et al. 2017) 20.8% of 48 slaughterhouse livers (Di Bartolo et al. 2011)
6.0% of 33 slaughterhouse livers (Di Bartolo et al. 2012)
13.3% of 15 fresh liver sausages, 7.1% of 14 dried liver sausages (Di Bartolo et al. 2015)
Japan 57.9% of 2500 pigs (Takahashi et al. 2003) 1.9% of 363 retail livers (Yazaki et al. 2003)
Netherlands 89.0% of 417 organic pigs, 72% of 265 conventionally farmed pigs, 76% of 164 free range pigs (Rutjes et al. 2014) 6.5% of 62 commercial pork livers (Bouwknegt et al. 2007)
12.7% of 79 livers, 70.7% of 99 liver sausages, 68.9% of 90 liver pâté samples (Boxman et al. 2019)
Spain 20.4% of 1441 pigs (de Oya et al. 2011) 6.0% of 93 sausages, 3.0% of 39 slaughterhouse livers (Di Bartolo et al. 2012)
Switzerland 62.3% of 1001 pigs in 2006, 53.8% of 999 pigs in 2011 (Burri et al. 2014) 1.3% of 160 slaughterhouse livers (Müller et al. 2017)
11.8% of 102 raw liver sausages (Giannini et al. 2017)
11.7% of 90 pork liver and raw meat sausages (Moor et al. 2018)
UK 92.8% of 629 pigs, with 20.5% viraemic at slaughter (Grierson et al. 2015) 10.0% of 63 sausages, 3.0% of 40 slaughterhouse livers (Berto et al. 2012)
USA 21.9% of 182 pigs (Owolodun et al. 2013) 11.0% of 127 retail liver (Feagins et al. 2007)