Table 1.
Patient characteristics at sepsis onset stratified by acute kidney injury trajectories.
| Variable | All cohort (N=239) | Persistent AKI without renal recovery (N=58, 24%) | Persistent AKI with renal recovery (N=43, 18%) | Rapidly reversed AKI (N=47, 20%) | No AKI (N=91, 38%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Male gender, n (%) | 130 (54) | 38 (66) | 26 (61) | 25 (53) | 41 (45) |
| Age in years | 59 (15) | 61 (17) | 63 (14)a | 61 (14) | 55 (15) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.2 (9.5) | 30.7 (9.7) | 33.1 (11.1) | 32.9 (10.5) | 29.7 (7.6) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Charlson comorbidity index, median (25th,75th) | 4 (2, 5) | 5 (3, 7)a | 5 (2, 7)a | 4 (3, 6)a | 3 (1, 5) |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 36 (15) | 12 (21) | 10 (23) | 8 (17) | 6 (7) |
| Moderate/Severe (≥ Stage 3), n (%) | 24 (10) | 8 (14) | 7 (16) | 6 (13) | 3 (3) |
| Preadmission estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min per 1.73 m2), median (25th, 75th) | 84 (73, 105) | 76 (70, 99)a | 78 (69, 95)a | 78 (73, 91)a | 98 (82, 108) |
| Admission characteristics, n (%) | |||||
| Transfer from another hospital | 112 (47) | 33 (57) | 27 (63) | 16 (34) | 36 (40) |
| Surgery type | |||||
| Vascular surgery | 40 (17) | 21 (36)a, b | 12 (28)a | 5 (11) | 2 (2) |
| Trauma and Acute Care surgery | 86 (36) | 13 (22)a | 8 (19)a | 20 (43) | 45 (50) |
| General surgery | 50 (21) | 12 (21) | 11 (26) | 8 (17) | 19 (21) |
| Other surgical subspecialtyd | 63 (26) | 12 (21) | 12 (28) | 14 (30) | 25 (28) |
| Characteristics of initial sepsis episode | |||||
| Late sepsis (after 48 hours of admission) | 81 (34) | 19 (33) | 18 (42) | 16 (34) | 28 (31) |
| Sepsis severity at onset, n (%) | |||||
| Sepsis 2 criteria (all patients) | 239 (100) | 58 (100) | 43 (100) | 47 (100) | 91 (100) |
| Sepsis/Severe Sepsis | 183 (77) | 31 (53) a, b | 29 (67) a | 40 (85) | 83 (91) |
| Septic Shock | 56 (23) | 27 (47) a, b | 14 (33) a | 7 (15) | 8 (9) |
| Sepsis 3 criteria (all patients) | 230 (96) | 57 (98) | 42 (98) | 47 (100) | 84 (92) |
| Sepsis | 177 (74) | 32 (55) a, b | 26 (60) a, b | 40 (85) | 79 (87) |
| Septic Shock | 53 (22) | 25 (43) a, b | 16 (37) a | 7 (15) | 5 (5) |
| Acuity scores within 24 hours of sepsis onset | |||||
| APACHE II score | 18 (8) | 23 (9)a, b | 22 (8)a, b | 16 (6) | 15 (7) |
| Total SOFA score | 6.9 (3.7) | 9.3 (4.1)a, b | 7.8 (3.6)a | 6.3 (2.9) | 5.3 (3.0) |
| Total SOFA score, non-renal | 5.8 (3.3) | 7.6 (3.8)a, b | 6.5 (3.1)a | 5.0 (2.8) | 4.7 (2.8) |
| ≥3 non-renal SOFA organ dysfunctione, n (%) | 60 (25) | 24 (41)a | 16 (37)a | 8 (17) | 12 (13) |
Results show mean (standard deviation) unless indicated otherwise.
All p-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner multiple comparison procedure for nonparametric comparison of continuous variables and Bonferroni method for others.
Abbreviations. AKI, acute kidney injury; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
Significantly different from No AKI group (adjusted p<0.05)
Significantly different from rapidly reversed AKI group (adjusted p<0.05)
More than two drinks per day averaged over two weeks prior to admission, one drink consists of 2 ounces or liquor, 6 ounces of wine, or 12 ounces of beer
Specialty surgery included urology, obstetrics and gynecology, orthopedics, transplant surgery, otolaryngology and oral surgery.
Organ dysfunction is defined as a SOFA score of 2 or more. This criteria is satisfied by having a Glasgow coma scale <13 for central nervous system, being on any vasopressors (including epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, phenylephrine, and vasopressin) for cardiovascular, being on mechanical ventilation or having the ratio of partial pressure arterial oxygen and fraction of inspired oxygen < 300 mmHg for respiratory, having serum creatinine ≥ 2 mg/dl, having platelets <100,000/¼l for coagulation, and having bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dl for liver organ dysfunction.