Fig. 1.

Anti-oxidant activity of treatments against the hydroxyl radical. Representative relative fluorescence unit (RFU) graphs from HORAC assay of (A) indapamide, (B) HCQ, and (C) indapamide and HCQ alone or in combination. Gallic acid was used as a positive control anti-oxidant. Each data point is represented in RFU, taken every 5 min for 60 min. The greater magnitude of decay shown in the no anti-oxidant and 5 μM HCQ groups demonstrates an inability to counter the hydroxyl radical degradation of fluorescein. (D) AUC analysis from HORAC assay with various drug treatments. Bar graphs display the mean with error bars representing the SEM. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc multiple comparison test. Each data point in (D) represents one experiment. ****p < 0.0001 compared to no anti-oxidant control. IND: indapamide; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine