Fig. 2.

Drug treatments are neuroprotective against FeSO₄ treatment in vitro on human fetal neurons. Representative images of human fetal neurons in vitro of (A) healthy DMSO control; (B) FeSO₄ control; (C–E) 50 μM FeSO₄ with drug treatments of (C) 1 μM indapamide, (D) 5 μM HCQ, and (E) combination. (F) Quantitation of surviving neurons with 1 μM indapamide, 5 μM HCQ, and their combination after 24-h incubation with 50 μM FeSO₄. Scale bar represents 50 μm. Bar graphs represent the mean with error bars depicting SEM. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc multiple comparison test to 50 μM FeSO₄. Each data point represents one replicate well. The protective trend observed from HCQ and indapamide treatment was reproduced in two additional experiments. ****p < 0.0001 compared to iron. IND: indapamide, HCQ: hydroxychloroquine