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. 2020 Nov 17;18(1):556–568. doi: 10.1007/s13311-020-00967-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Effects of BiTox/AA in the orofacial formalin test in the glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) animal model of migraine. Bar charts showing the effect of BiTox/AA on total time (in seconds) spent on face rubbing in phases I and II (a) and the time course of the face rubbing (b). Face rubbing was evaluated by counting seconds animals spent grooming the injected area with the ipsilateral forepaw or hindpaw in the periods 0–6 min (phase I) and 12–45 min (phase II) after formalin injection. The observation time was divided into 15 blocks of 3 min each (45 min total). In both phase I and phase II, pretreatment with BiTox/AA significantly reduced the GTN-induced increase in face rubbing time compared to pretreatment with vehicle (GTN + vehicle) (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, unpaired t test)